SARSA vs Q-Learning Targets

mediumPROTemporal-Difference Learning and ControlReinforcement LearningRL 1: Foundations

Problem Statement

Compute both control targets for a transition, given the next-state action values q_next (a list over actions), the on-policy next action index a_next, reward r and discount gamma:

SARSA (on-policy): target = r + gamma * q_next[a_next]
Q-Learning (off-policy): target = r + gamma * max(q_next)

Implement control_targets(reward, gamma, q_next, a_next) returning the tuple (sarsa, qlearning).

Example

Input

control_targets(1.0, 0.9, [2.0, 5.0], 0)

Output

(2.8, 5.5)

Reasoning

Identify the input parameters: reward $r = 1.0$ , discount factor $\gamma = 0.9$ , next-state action values $q_{\text{next}} = [2.0, 5.0]$ , and the on-policy action index $a_{\text{next}} = 0$ .
Compute the SARSA target by using the value of the specific action taken in the next state (index 0): $sarsa = 1.0 + 0.9 \times 2.0 = 1.0 + 1.8 = 2.8$ .
Compute the Q-Learning target by using the maximum value among all possible next actions to represent the optimal policy: $q_{\text{learning}} = 1.0 + 0.9 \times \max(2.0, 5.0) = 1.0 + 0.9 \times 5.0 = 1.0 + 4.5 = 5.5$ .
The final output is (2.8, 5.5)

Constraints

0 <= a_next < len(q_next).
Return a tuple of two floats.

Learn this in

Q-Learning & SARSAReinforcement Learning

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Concept primerPREVIEW

1. Background Knowledge

Temporal-Difference (TD) learning bridges dynamic programming and Monte Carlo methods by bootstrapping value estimates from other value estimates. In control problems, we learn an action-value function $Q(s, a)$ that estimates the expected return of taking action $a$ in state $s$ and following a policy thereafter. The core update rule adjusts $Q$ toward a TD target, which is a one-step lookahead estimate of the return: the immediate reward plus a discounted estimate of future value.

The critical distinction between SARSA and Q-Learning lies in which next-state value is used in the target. SARSA is an on-policy algorithm: it learns the value of the policy it is actually following. Its target uses the specific action $a_{next}$ that the agent will actually take in the next state. Q-Learning is an off-policy algorithm: it learns the value of the optimal greedy policy regardless of the behavior policy. Its target uses $\max_a Q(s', a)$ , representing the best possible action in the next state. This single difference—using $Q(s', a_{next})$ versus $\max_a Q(s', a)$ —determines whether the algorithm is on-policy or off-policy.

The discount factor $\gamma \in [0, 1]$ controls how much future rewards are valued relative to immediate rewards. When $\gamma = 0$ , the agent is myopic and only cares about the immediate reward. When $\gamma$ is close to 1, the agent is far-sighted and heavily weights long-term returns. The TD target formula $r + \gamma \cdot V_{next}$ is the fundamental building block of all TD-based RL algorithms.

2. Algorithm Approach

This problem is a direct application of the two TD target formulas. The approach is straightforward:

Compute the SARSA target by indexing into q_next at position a_next and combining with reward and discount.
Compute the Q-Learning target by finding the maximum value in q_next and combining with reward and discount.
Return both as a tuple.

No iterative learning loop is needed—this is a single-step target computation, which is the atomic operation that would be repeated inside the actual SARSA or Q-Learning update rule.

3. Step-by-Step Strategy

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solution.py

Python 3.13

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